abstract：:It is well established that CD4(+) T cells play an important role in immunity to infections with retroviruses such as HIV. However, in recent years CD4(+) T cells have been subdivided into several distinct populations that are differentially regulated and perform widely varying functions. Thus, it is important to deli...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Nair S,Bayer W,Ploquin MJ,Kassiotis G,Hasenkrug KJ,Dittmer U

更新日期：2011-09-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Integration of the reverse transcribed viral genome into host chromatin is the hallmark of retroviral replication. Yet, during natural HIV infection, various unintegrated viral DNA forms exist in abundance. Though linear viral cDNA is the precursor to an integrated provirus, increasing evidence suggests that transcrip...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Sloan RD,Wainberg MA

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The process of HIV-1 genomic RNA (gRNA) encapsidation is governed by a number of viral encoded components, most notably the Gag protein and gRNA cis elements in the canonical packaging signal (ψ). Also implicated in encapsidation are cis determinants in the R, U5, and PBS (primer binding site) from the 5' un...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Cockrell AS,van Praag H,Santistevan N,Ma H,Kafri T

更新日期：2011-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNA silencing is integral to virtually every cellular process including cell cycle progression and response to virus infection. The interplay between RNA silencing and HIV-1 is multifaceted, and accumulating evidence posits a strike-counterstrike interface that alters the cellular e...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Hayes AM,Qian S,Yu L,Boris-Lawrie K

更新日期：2011-05-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) was initially identified in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue, particularly in the prostatic stromal fibroblasts, of patients homozygous for the RNASEL R462Q mutation. A subsequent study reported XMRV antigens in malignant prostatic epithelium and associ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Sakuma T,Hué S,Squillace KA,Tonne JM,Blackburn PR,Ohmine S,Thatava T,Towers GJ,Ikeda Y

更新日期：2011-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Viral protein U (Vpu) is a type 1 membrane-associated accessory protein that is unique to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and a subset of related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The Vpu protein encoded by HIV-1 is associated with two primary functions during the viral life cycle. First, it contributes...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Dubé M,Bego MG,Paquay C,Cohen ÉA

更新日期：2010-12-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Efforts to assess the prevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in patients with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome have relied heavily on PCR-based testing of clinical samples and have yielded widely divergent findings. This week in Retrovirology, reports from four independent rese...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Smith RA

更新日期：2010-12-20 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the largest lymphoid organ infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It serves as a viral reservoir and host-pathogen interface in infection. This study examined whether different parts of the gut and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) contain diffe...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： van Marle G,Church DL,Nunweiler KD,Cannon K,Wainberg MA,Gill MJ

更新日期：2010-09-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Platelets are associated with HIV in the blood of infected individuals and might modulate viral dissemination, particularly if the virus is directly transmitted into the bloodstream. The C-type lectin DC-SIGN and the novel HIV attachment factor CLEC-2 are expressed by platelets and facilitate HIV transmissio...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Chaipan C,Steffen I,Tsegaye TS,Bertram S,Glowacka I,Kato Y,Schmökel J,Münch J,Simmons G,Gerardy-Schahn R,Pöhlmann S

更新日期：2010-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In the acute phase of infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the virus targets activated CD4+ T cells by utilising CD134 (OX40) as a primary attachment receptor and CXCR4 as a co-receptor. The nature of the virus-receptor interaction varies between isolates; strains such as GL8 and CPGammer reco...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Willett BJ,Kraase M,Logan N,McMonagle EL,Samman A,Hosie MJ

更新日期：2010-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:HIV viruses encode a set of accessory proteins, which are important determinants of virulence due to their ability to manipulate the host cell physiology for the benefit of the virus. Although these viral proteins are dispensable for viral growth in many in vitro cell culture systems, they influence the efficiency of ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Ayinde D,Maudet C,Transy C,Margottin-Goguet F

更新日期：2010-04-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage play multiple roles during the infection of primate lentiviruses serving as reservoirs for viral production or as vectors for viral spread to other cells and tissues. The human immunodeficiency type I virus is not only capable of establishing such complex and dynamic relations ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Cimarelli A

更新日期：2010-04-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The King's College London (KCL) Infectious Diseases BioBank opened in 2007 and collects peripheral venous blood (PVB) from individuals infected with pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PVBs are fractionated into plasmas, lymphocytes and DNA and are then frozen. All donations are from subjects who h...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Williams R,Mant C,Cason J

更新日期：2009-11-03 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The 18 residue tail abutting the SH3 fold that comprises the heart of the C-terminal domain is the only part of HIV-1 integrase yet to be visualized by structural biology. To ascertain the role of the tail region in integrase function and HIV-1 replication, a set of deletion mutants that successively lacked ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Dar MJ,Monel B,Krishnan L,Shun MC,Di Nunzio F,Helland DE,Engelman A

更新日期：2009-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:It has been accepted that HIV buds from the cell surface in T lymphocytes, whereas in macrophages it buds into intracellular endosomes. Recent studies, on the other hand, suggest that HIV preferentially buds from the cell surface even in monocytic cells. However, most studies are based on observations in acu...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Suyama M,Daikoku E,Goto T,Sano K,Morikawa Y

更新日期：2009-07-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In chickens, as in most birds, female gonad morphogenesis is asymmetrical. Gonads appear first rather similarly, but only the left one undergoes full differentiation and gives rise to a functional ovary. The right gonad, in which the cortex does not develop, remains restricted to the medulla and finally regr...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Carré-Eusèbe D,Coudouel N,Magre S

更新日期：2009-06-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:One facet of the complexity underlying the biology of HIV-1 resides not only in its limited number of viral proteins, but in the extensive repertoire of cellular proteins they interact with and their higher-order assembly. HIV-1 encodes the regulatory protein Tat (86-101aa), which is essential for HIV-1 repl...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Gautier VW,Gu L,O'Donoghue N,Pennington S,Sheehy N,Hall WW

更新日期：2009-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Friends and colleagues remember John N. Brady, Ph.D., Chief of the Virus Tumor Biology Section of the Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, who died much too young at the age of 57 on April 27, 2009 of colon cancer. John grew up in Illinois and received his Ph.D. with Dr. Richard Consigli at Kansas State University studyin...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Pise-Masison CA,Marriott SJ

更新日期：2009-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Recognition of microbial products through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiates inflammatory responses orchestrated by innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). As these cells are patrolling mucosal surfaces, a portal of entry for various pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Thibault S,Fromentin R,Tardif MR,Tremblay MJ

更新日期：2009-05-06 00:00:00

abstract：:HIV-mediated CD4 depletion is the hallmark of AIDS and is the most reliable predictor of disease progression. While HIV replication is associated with CD4 depletion in general, plasma viremia by itself predicts the rate of CD4 loss only minimally in untreated patients. To resolve this paradox, I hypothesize the existe...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Wu Y

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HTLV-1 Tax can induce senescence by up-regulating the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). Tax increases p27(KIP1) protein stability by activating the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) precociously, causing degradation of Skp2 and inactivation of SCF(Skp2), the E3 ligas...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Zhang L,Zhi H,Liu M,Kuo YL,Giam CZ

更新日期：2009-04-08 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:HIV-1 Gag proteins are essential for virion assembly and viral replication in newly infected cells. Gag proteins are also strong determinants of viral infectivity; immune escape mutations in the Gag capsid (CA) protein can markedly reduce viral fitness, and interactions of CA with host proteins such as cyclo...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Matsuoka S,Dam E,Lecossier D,Clavel F,Hance AJ

更新日期：2009-03-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle by antagonizing a host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G). Vif interacts with A3G and induces its polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the formation of active ubiquitin ligase (E3) complex with Cullin5-ElonginB...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Izumi T,Takaori-Kondo A,Shirakawa K,Higashitsuji H,Itoh K,Io K,Matsui M,Iwai K,Kondoh H,Sato T,Tomonaga M,Ikeda S,Akari H,Koyanagi Y,Fujita J,Uchiyama T

更新日期：2009-01-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous studies have reported that various inbred SAM mouse strains differ markedly with regard to a variety of parameters, such as capacity for learning and memory, life spans and brain histopathology. A potential cause of differences seen in these strains may be based on the fact that some strains have a high conce...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Kim BH,Meeker HC,Shin HY,Kim JI,Jeong BH,Choi EK,Carp RI,Kim YS

更新日期：2008-11-25 00:00:00

abstract：:How best to evaluate scientists within a peer group is a difficult task. This editorial discusses the use of the H-index and total citations. It also raises the consideration of a mentoring-index and the value of understanding the frequency that a published paper is accessed by readers. ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Jeang KT

更新日期：2008-11-25 00:00:00

abstract：:In HIV-infected people, resting CD4+ T cells are the main reservoir of latent virus and the reason for the failure of drug therapy to cure HIV infection. Still, we do not have a complete understanding of the factors regulating HIV replication in these cells. A recent paper in Cell describes a new trick that the virus ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Bukrinsky M

更新日期：2008-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of relatively high levels of cellular protein contamination in density-purified virion preparations is a confounding factor in biochemical analyses of HIV and SIV produced from hematopoietic cells. A major source of this contamination is from vesicles, either microvesicles or exosomes, that have similar p...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Coren LV,Shatzer T,Ott DE

更新日期：2008-07-16 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Several factors determine the risk of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), such as coinfections in placentas from HIV-1 positive mothers with other pathogens. Chagas' disease is one of the most endemic zoonoses in Latin America, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The purpose of the study was to d...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Dolcini GL,Solana ME,Andreani G,Celentano AM,Parodi LM,Donato AM,Elissondo N,González Cappa SM,Giavedoni LD,Martínez Peralta L

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the APOBEC family of cellular cytidine deaminases represent a recently identified group of proteins that provide immunity to infection by retroviruses and protect the cell from endogenous mobile retroelements. Yet, HIV-1 is largely immune to the intrinsic antiviral effects of APOBEC proteins because it enco...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Goila-Gaur R,Strebel K

更新日期：2008-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：:For many years, scientists and suppliers have refered to AMV-RT as the reverse transcriptase produced by the Avian Myelobalstosis Virus. This manuscript briefly reviews the molecular basis for biological dependence of AMV for the envelope and RT proteins that are produced by its natural helper the Myeloblastosis Assoc...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Perbal B

更新日期：2008-06-16 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:A critical step for retroviral replication is the stable integration of the provirus into the genome of its host. The viral integrase protein is key in this essential step of the retroviral life cycle. Although the basic mechanism of integration by mammalian retroviruses has been well characterized, the fact...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Studamire B,Goff SP

更新日期：2008-06-13 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVES:It has been shown that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with adherence to treatment of patients with several chronic diseases. However, there is a controversy regarding the impact of SES on adherence among patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syn...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Falagas ME,Zarkadoulia EA,Pliatsika PA,Panos G

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Unlike CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 infected macrophages exhibit extended life span even upon stress, consistent with their in vivo role as long-lived HIV-1 reservoirs. RESULTS:Here, we demonstrate that PI3K/Akt inhibitors, including clinically available Miltefosine, dramatically reduced HIV-1 production from long-l...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Chugh P,Bradel-Tretheway B,Monteiro-Filho CM,Planelles V,Maggirwar SB,Dewhurst S,Kim B

更新日期：2008-01-31 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Combination anti-viral therapies have reduced treatment failure rates by requiring multiple specific mutations to be selected on the same viral genome to impart high-level drug resistance. To determine if the common protease inhibitor resistance mutation L90M is only selected once or repeatedly on different ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Kapoor A,Shapiro B,Shafer RW,Shulman N,Rhee SY,Delwart EL

更新日期：2008-01-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7, the most commonly used mouse macrophage cell line in medical research, was originally reported to be free of replication-competent murine leukemia virus (MuLV) despite its origin in a tumor induced by Abelson MuLV containing Moloney MuLV as helper virus. As currently avail...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Hartley JW,Evans LH,Green KY,Naghashfar Z,Macias AR,Zerfas PM,Ward JM

更新日期：2008-01-04 00:00:00

abstract：:This editorial comments on selected progress made in combating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) after 26 years and some of the remaining challenges. ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Jeang KT

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs are a recently discovered class of small noncoding functional RNAs. These molecules mediate post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in a sequence specific manner. MicroRNAs are now known to be key players in a variety of biological processes and have been shown to be deregulated in a number of can...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Scaria V,Jadhav V

更新日期：2007-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent findings suggest that mammalian cells can use small non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) to regulate physiological viral infections. Here, we comment on several lines of evidence that support this concept. We discuss how viruses may in turn protect, suppress, evade, modulate, or adapt to the host cell's ncRNA regulatory sch...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Yeung ML,Benkirane M,Jeang KT

更新日期：2007-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:We and others have recently demonstrated that the human retrovirus HTLV-I was producing a spliced antisense transcript, which led to the synthesis of the HBZ protein. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the existence of antisense transcription in HIV-1 and to provide a better characterizati...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Landry S,Halin M,Lefort S,Audet B,Vaquero C,Mesnard JM,Barbeau B

更新日期：2007-10-02 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs play critical role in regulating gene expression. MicroRNA profile of particular cell type bears the signature of cell type specific gene expression. Given that viral pathogens replicate by evading host defenses, research is now focused on the miRNA-regulated genes that critically regulate HIV-1 propagation ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Kumar A

更新日期：2007-04-12 00:00:00